What is the history and culture of Coventry, and what is it famous for?
City of culture projects are growing across the world, inspired in part by the success of the European Capital of Culture programme.
In the United Kingdom, a new city of culture is chosen every four years - highlighting art and cultural communities in that city. In 2021, that goes to Coventry, a city in the UK's midlands.
Let's take a virtual trip to Coventry, tracing connections found in Europe's cultural heritage collections.
Lady Godiva
If there's just one name to be associated with Coventry, it's Lady Godiva.
Godiva was an 11th century noblewoman, known in her time as Godgifu.
Godiva and her husband Leofric, the Earl of Mercia, were known for being generous religious benefactors. Together they funded and built monasteries and convents, by granting lands and through other donations.
However, Godiva is mostly remembered today for a legend describing an act of rebellion.
It is said that Lady Godiva sympathised with the people of Coventry who had to pay the high taxes imposed by her husband. She implored him to lower the rates, but he refused. Eventually, after much discussion, he agreed to bring down the taxes - if she rode a horse naked through Coventry.
And so she did. Lady Godiva sent word to the town that everyone should stay indoors, and rode through the town - her modesty protected by her long hair.
This legend was first told in the 13th century.
Historians now feel that, if true, it is unlikely that Lady Godiva was fully naked. Nonetheless, this has not stopped artists and authors who have told and re-told the story of Lady Godiva and her horse ride for centuries.
Textile trade
Coventry's role in the cloth and textile industries in England stretches back as far as the Middle Ages. The lands around the city were suited to sheep farming, thus fuelling trade in wool.
Silk weaving companies began to be established in Coventry in the 17th century, in part helped by Huguenot refugees who arrived in the city.
In the early 19th century, industrialisation led to thousands being employed in textiles. J&J Cash's, a silk weaving company founded in the 1840s, were just one of many major employers.
The ribbons below were made by Coventry manufacturers for the 1851 Great Exhibition, which celebrated advances in culture and industry.
Transport town
From the 19th century industrial age, Coventry has been associated with various forms of transport - from bicycle companies to the motor industries and jet engine manufacture.
The history of cycling owes a lot to Coventry.
In the early 1860s, James Starley established a company making sewing machines. Several years later, in 1868, having seen a velocipede, he began to manufacture this new type of pedalled bicycle. Starley, however, developed the design which led to the 'penny farthing' style of bicycle. Starley's nephew - John Kemp Starley - continued this development, to invent the first modern bicycle, the 'Starley Safety Bicycle'.
By the 1890s, the bicycle industry was booming in Coventry. Thousands were employed in hundreds of factories, companies and manufacturers in the city.
Moving forward in transport history, Coventry became a centre for the motor industry. In 1897, the Daimler Motor Company made the first British motor car there.
Onwards through the 20th century, many different car companies - including Jaguar, Rover and Standard-Triumph - have been based in or near Coventry which gained the nickname 'Motor City'.
During World War II, many of these motor companies changed their production to aircraft engines, establishing this as an industry in the city.
Coventry Cathedral
World War II had a devastating effect on Coventry.
Given its industrial strength, the city was singled out for bombing by the German Luftwaffe. Repeated raids led to Coventry being one of most damaged British cities during World War II.
Large areas of the city were destroyed in a bombing raid in November 1940.
The historic heart of the city was destroyed, as was Saint Michael's Cathedral - the only British cathedral to be destroyed in World War II - which had stood since the 14th century.
After the war, Coventry began to re-build.
The damaged ruin of the 14th century cathedral was kept, with a new modernist cathedral built alongside it. Designed by Basil Spence and Arup, its foundation stone was laid in 1956 with the cathedral consecrated in 1962.
Coventry Cathedral has come to symbolise regeneration and growth onwards from the devastation of World War II. The city has established twinning relationships with German cities Kiel and Dresden (which had been similarly destroyed during World War II), as a gesture of peace and reconciliation.
Culture from Coventry
As we have seen in this blog, Coventry is a city of change and movement. From the city's founding role in the cycling industry to the rebirth of Coventry Cathedral, the city offers cultural inspiration.
In 2021, as UK City of Culture, Coventry will show itself as a city that uses the past to forge new futures.